Gaius Julius Caesar. The monarchical solution. Pompey.

Pompey, despite its military successes, was not the man who at first everybody had expected, like Sulla, was not only an officer and therefore lacked most of the requirements to become ruler of the world empire and founder of a monarchy. Neither had the political skills necessary for such an enterprise. But one need ever produced, in due course, the man who also appeared accurate and well for Rome, steeped in aberrations and turbulence, El Salvador: Gaius Julius Caesar.

The aristocracy was bankrupt and to his eloquent advocate, Cicero, hinted quite clearly that the idea of a monarchy, he thought Pompey would not be unpleasant, provided he was a gentleman benign regard to the Senate and their supporters. At the time of the revolution of Catiline, Caesar was still in its early Cañeta, politics. But belonging to a noble family, of vast relationships with the aristocratic world, with his keen eye recognized that this party could not collect nor honors nor power. Here, under the protection of a government nepotístico, would not have been more than vegetate; for this, still young, went into opposition, in turn contributing to the elimination of the last remnants of the reaction silane. When Corky and Catiline began to develop his social program, remained a quiet, but everybody in Rome knew he had similar aspirations. Caesar certainly no stranger to the healthy and fruitful germ content.

Corky's law, but was also strongly convinced that under the political forms and reforming outdated all attempts were ineffective. At that time certainly must have thought, in the privacy of his mind that he too could be called upon to lead the revolution. Neither was rich as Crassus, and had behind him a splendid military career as Pompey. If I wanted to have an entourage, he would not precipitate events, but primarily compete with Pompey with magnificent military gestures, destroying the nimbus of his irreemplazabili-ing and a grand porte, if it killed a lot of debt, do the same thing about Crassus, the second rival, less prominent person. These were the concepts more alive than the monarchy was the popular imagination, and Caesar was able to impose on both sides of the Roman people recognition of its dominant nature, thus removing the miser Pompey and Crassus, less brave warrior, its predominant position.

Four years after the fall of Catiline, Caesar came to the consulate. His most important act of government was the allocation of the last great land that the state was in the fertile Campania. This was a sure sign of how the social content of the approved program of Catiline. Pompey's veterans also were fortunate enough in the deal, so the army, despite being fired, was available for the near future. Caesar must have thought Pompey need to take together the coup against the aristocratic party - Republican. Caesar's consulate aristocratic party is over for Rome. All other problems were now relegated to the background compared to this one: Who would be the person who would be victorious in the number of applicants to the Regency? The following years are those of the agony of the Republic. This was defended desperately, but never returned to be vital. Even the power and prestige of Pompey could keep the "ancien regime", nor the latter to the former, when he repented, sought refuge in the arms of the Senate against the rival that was becoming more powerful. The match ended in victory for Caesar (battle of Pharsalia, 9 August AD 48), with the implementation of the monarchy. The aristocracy tried to snatch the prize of victory by resorting to murder, but not on this road was no longer possible to breathe new life into the corpse of the republic. Not achieved more than to blow up the struggle again by the person of the ruler. The new candidates made a dreadful process together with the party of murderers, enemies of the monarchy, and then lead the fight as a personal business. Thirteen years later, the adopted son of Caesar, Octavian Augustus Caesar, was able-after having defeated his last rival, Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium (31 BC) - assume the regency and to found a dynasty, which argued for a century knew then give way to another.

Would be a grave mistake to the transfer of the republic to the monarchy as linked to political and social changes are clearly visible. Socially and politically, everything seemed to have been in the state before. The people remained sovereign nor the Senate were formally undermined its credentials. The emperor was a special employee, but thanks to his power inviolable tribune and able to enforce all their proposals by the supreme military command (imperium). Centuries must pass before the monarchy was also recognized in the form and disappear below the representation of the republic. However, the monarchy was already done and the consequences were very beneficial.

The essential feature of the new monarchy was the existence of a supreme, irresponsible and life. At the title of this power, all gradually became equal. Have the right to life and death can, as protector of the weaker, knock out even the most powerful adversary, may intervene in any administrative, judicial and military. All these powers are for a methodical and fair government much more secure guarantee that the domination of a tiny fraction camorrística policy and reciprocal obligations and dealings of officials and businessmen. The monarchy was a leveling of the population, which gradually disappeared relatively quickly both caste differences such as nationality. While the senators and the knights continued to enjoy their relevant privileges, the imperial right to grant and remove those dignities very effectively curbed the activities of the cartels.

Much more far-reaching consequences was the relaxation of national differences. Even if the provinces were not consistently colonized, penetrated, however, the masses the idea that each force in the provinces laborious find a field of useful application. What the great tribunes had planned too early and were unable to make, despite their efforts cos spasmodic, was carried out, now that the time was ripe, almost by itself. Since the second emperor, Tiberius, took the popular Assembly political affairs for transfer to the Senate, voting rights ceased to be a commercial item for which emigration became almost mandatory.

Rome and Italy stopped by to feed upon the plunder of the provinces. Now everyone had to work, if I wanted to live and own something, and government expenditures should be borne by the italic as with the provincial taxes. This obligation to work was the panacea that brought the reorganization of Italy. And if Rome remained, indeed, a city rabble, beggars and lazy, a focal point of idle stocks, shares this fate with each metropolis. Moreover, the new central power, with its lavish court, visible to all people, encouraged new and higher needs, whose satisfaction required a continuous and well-paid work. The provinces, in short, rid of their tormentors, the famous spirits proconsuls or became propraetor-culture countries lush, full of activity and intellectual vitality.

The old and limited bourgeoisie "Urbe" was replaced by the imperial bourgeoisie, or rather global. The powerful will in Rome maintained the unity of the whole, but within this large ensemble members and the parties have enough freedom in their local constitutions, so as to prevent damage of a routine government from above. And even when the culture of the Roman imperial era was not gorgeous and seductive flowers that were opened in some places by the competition at the expense of middle and outside factors, the sum of culture in this era, so often maligned, is much higher than that of the time of Pericles, the Italian Renaissance, and so on. And who will not recognize anything that occurred that time will at least admit that there the idea of human brotherhood first found expression in the civil law was embracing everybody, and the Roman religion, Christianity, equally universal.