Gaius Suetonius
Part biography of Julius Caesar
LIV. Neither their husbands or their magistrates showed disinterest. It is proven in the writings of his time, that being proconsul in Spain received quantities of its allies, ordered by him, to help pay his debts, and gave the plunder many cities of Lusitania, despite having offered no resistance and having doors open upon arrival. In Gaul looted private altars and temples of the gods, filled with rich offerings, and destroyed some cities before prey for the sake of punishment for crimes they had committed. This conduct gave much gold, which was sold in Italy and the provinces the price of three thousand sesterces the pound. During his first consulate in the Capitol stole three thousand pounds of gold weight and replaced it with an equal amount of gilded copper. Sold alliances and kingdoms, thus only Ptolemy, on his behalf and that of Pompey, about six thousand talents. Later, only at the cost of sacrilege and rapine very evident, could defray the enormous expenses of the civil war, its triumphs and spectacles.
LVI. We also left comments on his campaigns in Gaul and the civil war against Pompey. On the history of wars of Alexandria, Africa and Spain, who is the author ignores. Cicero, in his letter to Brutus, speaks thus of comments: Your "Comments" is an excellent book, his style is sober, pure, elegant, stripped of all pomp of language, unadorned beauty and wanting to provide materials prepared to future historians might have done something nice for the fools who did not stop overloaded with frivolous trappings such natural graces, but aborted in discrete desire to address this issue. Hirtius also says, speaking of them Comments: This is so undeniable superiority, which appears to have removed, rather than given the power to historians writing after him. We have more reason than anyone to admire this book, everyone knows how much more talent and strength is written, we know also how easily and quickly wrote it. Pollio Asinius intended that these reviews are not always accurate and faithful, for having given too much faith in Caesar's accounts of his legacy, and for having altered consciously or failure to report the truth of his own deeds, believing that should be reviewed and corrected. He left also a treatise in two books on Analogy, another in the same number of books, called Anticatón, and a poem entitled El Camino. The first was composed by passing the Alps to join his army, after presiding over the election of Gaul Citerior the second, the time of the battle of Munda, and the last twenty-fourth day he used to travel from Rome to the Further Spain. There are also letters to the Senate, and was apparently the first to write their communications on folded sheets in the form of trade, since until then had written and consuls general to the full extent of the leaf. Are retained, finally, his letters to Cicero, as well as he wrote to his friends about his domestic affairs. For business secrets used a way to figure that made sense unintelligible letters being arranged so that could not form any words, to decipher them has to change the order of the letters, taking the fourth by the first, ie d by a, and so others. Cítanse also some writings of the time of his childhood and youth: the Praises of Hercules, a tragedy entitled Oedipus and a collection of selected phrases. Augustus forbade the publication of these writings in a letter, short and simple, aimed at Pompey Macer, who was responsible to care for their libraries.
LVII. Caesar was very skillful in handling weapons and horses and stand up to the incredible fatigue, on the march preceded the army, sometimes on horseback, and more often on foot, bareheaded, despite the sun and the rain. Bridging longer distances with incredible speed, without luggage, in a rental truck, traveling in this way until one hundred miles per day. If you hold the rivers, going swimming or on bottles filled, and often anticipated his post.
LVIII. Doubt whether he was more cautious than bold in their explorations. Never led his army ambushes fertile ground previously unexplored paths, did not cross over to Britain before securing for himself the status of ports, navigation mode, and allowing the landing sites. This honor is so cautious, having learned one day that had besieged their camp in Germany, wears a suit Gaul and across the army of the besiegers, meets his camp. Just as happened in winter, from Brindisi to Dirrachio, through enemy fleets, as, despite his frequent messages, did not reach the troops had orders to follow him, ended up riding one night in a car, head coverings, unmentioned, nor allow the pilot to bow to the storm, until he was in danger of sinking into the waves.
LIX. Religious scruples never led him to abandon or defer their businesses. Although the victim escaped the slaughter of the sacrificial knife, why not stopped marching against Scipio and Juba. On another occasion, having fallen to jump ship, turned in his favor the omen, saying: You are mine, Africa. To circumvent the predictions that that land victories fatally united to the name of the Scipios, constantly in their camps had an obscure family descendant Cornelia, and abject man who by his deranged behavior was given the nickname Salucio.
LX. With respect to the battles, not geared solely for thoughtful plans to arrest, but also taking advantage of opportunities; happened many times he attacked immediately after a march, or so bad that nobody could suppose time had been set in motion, and only in the last years of his life was more cautious in a fight, convinced that, having achieved so many victories, should not tempt fortune, and that a victory would always win unless they lose by a defeat. It never defeated an enemy without immediately seize their camp, nor allowed to recover from the terror of the vanquished. When victory was doubtful, did all the horses away, starting with his own, to impose on soldiers removing the need to overcome all means of escape.
LXI. He rode a single horse, whose hooves seemed human feet as they were split by way of fingers. This horse was born at home and the augurs had promised his own empire in the world, which is why I raised with careful dedication, taking charge of taming himself, later erecting a statue in front of the Mother Temple of Venus.
LXII. Viósele alone often restore their line of battle, when she hesitated, launched before the fugitives, stop abruptly and force, sword to the throat, back to enemy. He did this despite the fact that sometimes came to dominate the terror in those terms, a standard-bearer, thus detained, threatened him with his sword, and another, whose eagle had captured, was left in the hands.
LXIII. In other cases showed signs of greater value still. After the battle of Pharsalia, having sent its troops to Asia and passing him in a little boat the Hellespont, found C. Casio, one of his enemies, with ten galleys of war, instead of flying, marched up to him, summoned to surrender, and received him, pleading in his ship.
LXIV. Attacked a bridge in Alexandria, but the unexpected departure of the enemy was forced to jump into a boat, pursued by large numbers of enemies, plunged into the sea, swam and walked two hundred yards of space to another ship, taking his right hand out water for not wearing mojasen writings, and being caught with his mantle of teeth generally do not abandon that pledge to the enemy.
LXV. He appreciated the soldier only for its value, not their behavior or their fortune, and sometimes treated him with great severity and others with great indulgence. Not always and everywhere was hard, but he was always stern face of the enemy, maintaining strict discipline such cases. It announced to his army days of march or the battle, holding and constantly waiting for his orders and always ready to go at the first sign of where to take him. I often set in motion without need, especially on holidays and rainy. Sometimes gave orders not to lose sight of him, and suddenly away, day or night, and forced the pace to tire of those who followed him without reaching it.
LXVI. When the army before it was preceded by fearsome reputation, not to his reassuring denying or ignoring the opposing forces, but rather the exaggerated until the lie. Thus, when the proximity of Juba had inspired fear in the hearts of all men, gathered them and said: Know that within a few days the king will be in front of you with ten legions, thirty thousand horse, a hundred thousand men light infantry and three hundred elephants. Abstain all questions and conjectures and rest in me, I know what has to be done; embark on an old boat to disseminate rumors and will go to where the wind.
LXVII. Faults is not always punished nor cared that had relation between punishment and crime, was scathing with deserters and rebels, and gentle with others. Sometimes, after a great battle and a great victory, bestowed on the soldiers and allowed them to ordinary duties given to all the excesses of unbridled license, as soldiers used to say, even perfumed, could fight well. In the speeches did not call soldiers used the word most flattering of companions liked them well in uniform, and gave arms adorned with silver and gold, both to demonstrate as to fire on the day of combat for fear of losing them. Such was his love for them when he learned Tituria defeat grew a beard and hair and not cut them until after avenge. This inspired them unswerving loyalty to his person and unbeatable value.
LXVIII. At the beginning of civil war, the centurions of every legion comprometiéronse to supply each rider paid out of his own particular, and all the soldiers to serve for free, without rations or pay, the richest must meet the needs of the poorest. During that war so long none left him, and even some who were taken prisoner refused life offered to them provided arms against him again. Besieged and besiegers so patiently endured hunger and other deprivations, which Dirrachio site, viewed by Pompey the kind of bread that fed herbs, said he had to deal with wild animals, making it disappear at once for fear of that this testimony to the patience and tenacity of his enemies sow confusion in the army. A proof of his indomitable courage we have it in the fact that after only setback suffered near Dirrachio, demanded punishment themselves, and generally rather than to punish them had to console them. On the other battles easily undone, despite their numerical inferiority, the many troops who opposed them. A single cohort of the legion sixteenth, responsible for defending a fuertecillo, held for several hours the attack of four legions of Pompey, succumbing at last, almost intact, under a cloud of arrows, which were found inside the fort percent thirty thousand. Such bravery would not cause surprise if taken in isolation the facts of some of his soldiers. I will cite only the centurion soldier Casio Sceva and C. Acilius. Sceva, despite having cast an eye and pierced his thigh and shoulder, and broken the shield with one hundred twenty blows, remained strong in the door of a fort whose custody had been entrusted. Acilius, in a naval battle near Marseille, imitating the example given Cinegiro memorable among the Greeks, with the right hand grabbed an enemy vessel is the cut, but not stopped jumping the ship, refusing to shield a few opposed him.
LXIX. No sedition was in the army during the ten years of war in Gaul, broke some during the civil, but then dominated with authority rather than indulgence. Never give in to the mutineers, but constantly went to meet him. Plasencia graduated in all the hosts ninth, although Pompey was still in arms, and not without great job, after numerous and urgent pleas and have punished the guilty, agreed to rehabilitate it.
LXX. As the soldiers of the Tenth Legion asked one day in Rome's license and rewards, uttering terrible threats to the city exposed to serious hazards, even though time was on the war in Africa and although his friends tried in vain to stop him, Caesar did not hesitate to make the mutineers and graduates. But in a word, calling them citizens instead of soldiers, completely changed their provisions. We are soldiers! "Cried at once, and followed him to Africa, in spite of himself, which did not prevent the instigators punished with the loss of one third of the booty and the land they were intended.
LXXI. From his youth shone Caesar for his zeal and loyalty to their clients. He defended Masinter, a youth of distinguished family, Hiempsal against the king, and did it with so much energy in the heat of the discussion took down his beard to Juba, the son of this king. It was declared a tax client of the king, and he then arracóle hands of those who carried him and kept him hidden for a long time at home, and even later, when he left for Spain, on leaving the Pretura led him in his bunk, under the protection of their lictors and many friends.
LXXII. Caesar always treated his friends with so many considerations and goodness, that had fallen suddenly ill C. Oppio, who accompanied him along a rough and difficult, he relinquished the only hut they found and lay it on the ground outdoors. When he reached the sovereign power, amounted to the first honors to some low-class men, and being blamed for it, he replied: If bandits and murderers had helped me to defend my rights and dignity, just show them my gratitude.
LXXIII. Moreover, never conceived of such deep enmity that the wastes thus proffered hand. C. Memmi had attacked him in his speeches with extraordinary vehemence, and with great violence Caesar answered him in writing, and yet, shortly after helped him with all his influence to get the consulate. When C. Calvo, epigrams addressed to him defamatory, sought reconciliation with him through the mediation of some friends, he anticipated writing. Valerio Catulio confessed that in his verses on Mamurra had marked with an eternal stigma on the same day and gave him satisfaction, he admitted to his table without ever breaking their terms of hospitality with the father of the poet.
LXXIV. He was gentle by nature even in retaliation. When the pirates seized, of which he was imprisoned, and those in that situation crucify swore, did not sink in this instrument of torture but after strangling them. Fagita Cornelius had all sorts of traps ready in the time to get rid of Sila, it ensure he obliged, though sick, to change every night for asylum, and had not ceased to trouble him but by splendid reward however, never wanted to take revenge on him. Philemon, a slave and his secretary, who had promised to poison their enemies, from imposing a punishment other than death, when she could subject him to horrific tortures. Called as a witness against P. Clodius accused of sacrilege and convicted of adultery with his wife Pompeii, said they had seen nothing, although his mother Aurelia and his sister Julia had told the judges the whole truth: and as he wondered why, then, Pompeii had repudiated, he replied that mine must be as free from suspicion as a crime,
LXXV. They must, however, mainly be admired his moderation and clemency during the Civil War and after his triumphs. Pompey had said he would consider no enemies to defend the Republic and declare that Caesar would have the friends that remained neutral between the two parties, and those they grant degrees on the recommendation of Pompey's army to pass autorizólos rival. At the site of Lerda (Lérida) is locked friendly relations between the two armies, in favor of negotiations between the leaders for the surrender of the square, but abruptly abandoned the project and Petreius Afranio, posing with knives to soldiers Caesar who were in his camp: even this act of perfidy might lead to reprisals. In the battle of Pharsalia he ordered it not to make people hurt and no soldier of the opposite party who is not allowed to keep what he wanted, nor was his enemy knows that no more than perish in battle, except Afranio, Fausto and L. Young Caesar, and it is said that they were not killed by his orders, although the first two were in revolt against him after having been pardoned, and the third was cruelly destroyed by fire and sword to the slaves and freedmen of his benefactor, sending to slaughter the beasts that Caesar had bought for shows. Finally, in recent times has enabled all the grace which had failed to return to Italy and still aspire to officers and magistrates. Rose again the statues of Sylla and Pompey had overthrown the people. When he knew he was being hatched against any casualty or project who spoke ill, he preferred to restrain the guilty punished. So, having discovered conspiracies and night meetings, I limit his revenge to declare, through an edict, that he knew them. To those who reviled him in speeches, was content to publicly advise them not to persist in it, leading to suffer, without complaint, that Aulus Cecina tarnish his reputation in a libel libelous and defamatory Pitolao in a poem.
LXXVI. Impútanse, however, Caesar's actions and words that show the abuse of power and appear to justify his death. Not content to accept the highest honors, such as the consulate for life, the perpetual dictatorship, censorship of morals, the title of Emperor, the enactment of Father of the Nation, a statue among the kings, a kind of throne in the orchestra, but admitted also that it enact other far superior to human greatness, was indeed golden chair in the Senate and in his court, the pomp of the circus in a car when it was religiously take his picture (35), temples and altars and statues beside those of the gods was like these holy bed, a Flemish priests Luperci and privilege, in order, giving its name to one month per year. There are no distinctions do not receive according to his whim and that it left the same way. Consul for the third and fourth time, was limited to the title, and was content to exercise the dictatorship that had been granted with consulates, was replaced two consuls for the last three months of these two years, during which met only ballot for the election of tribunes and aldermen of the town. Prefects established in place of magistrates, to manage his own subordinates the interests of the city. Having a consul died suddenly the day before the Kalends of January vacant clothed with dignity, for the few hours remaining, the first thing requested. With the same disregard for established laws and customs of his country for many years magistrates, consular insignia awarded to two former magistrates, rose to the rank of citizens and even some Gallic senators semibarbarian; granted the quartermaster of the currency and government revenue to slaves to their home, and left the care and command of three legions Rufión left Alexandria, the son of a freed slave and companion of his orgies.
LXXVII. Cesar used to publicly pronounce words, says T. Ampio reveal no less pride that their acts: The Republic is a name without reality or value. Sila know the science of government, because deposed dictatorship. The men were talking in front with more respect and consideration for laws what they say. It reached the point of arrogance, which he announced an augur gloomy forebodings after a sacrifice because it was not found in the victim's heart, he answered that he would make the predictions more happy whenever he wanted and was not showing an animal miracle heartless (36).
LXXVIII. What attracted him, however, violent and implacable hatred was this: They had left the corporation to submit senators decrees very flattering for him, and was seated at the Mother Temple of Venus. Some writers say that Cornelius Balbus held him when he went up, others that did not move, and having told C. Stand in Trebacio foot, gave him a stern look. This snub seems all the more intolerable, since he himself, in one of his triumphs, when, passing the cart before the seats of the tribunes, one of whom, Pontius Aquila, did not rise, was so profound indignation that came to exclaim Tribune Aquila, ask me the Republic, and for many days did not promise anyone anything without adding this condition ironic: Of course, if allowed by Pontius Aquila.
LXXIX. To this grave outrage Caesar to the Senate added a touch of pride even more hurtful. He returned to Rome after the customary sacrifice of Latino fairs, where, amid the extraordinary and wild cheers of the people, a man, standing out from the crowd, put on his statue a laurel wreath tied with a white ribbon. Ling Epidio Tribunes Flavo Cesetio ordered to remove the crown and reduced prison who had put but Caesar saw that this attempt of kingship had been so ill success, or pretended that he had been deprived of the glory of turning, hard apostrophized the tribunes and stripped of his authority, he could not escape the shameful censorship had coveted the royalty, although the people responded a day who greeted him with the name of king: I Caesar, not king, and despite also that at parties and make his rejection Lupercalia lead to the Capitol, the statue of Jupiter, the crown which the Consul Antonio had wanted to put him in the head repeatedly on the podium of the speeches. On this issue, there spread a rumor that became fairly consistently, ensuring that planned to move to Alexandria or the capital Trojan Empire forces, exhausted after leaving Italy with special cams, and instructed his friends the government of Rome, added that in the first meeting of Senate quindecenviro L. Cotta was proposing to give to Caesar the title of king since it was written in the books of fate that only a king could defeat the Parthians.
LXXX. Fearing the conspirators forced to assent to this proposition, considered necessary to expedite the implementation of its business. They met, therefore, and took decisions jointly agreed before isolation between two or three people in the village was unhappy state of affairs, expressing his disgust at every opportunity to tyranny, and openly asking avengers. When foreigners were granted the title of senators, were set these posters everywhere: Hi all, subsection f show the way the new senators of the Senate, and also sang in the streets:
Gallos Caesar in triumphum ducit, idem in curiam.
Galli clavum sesmserunt Bracas deposuerunt latum (37)
Having announced the censor in the theater, as usual, the entrance to the consul Q. Maximus, whom Caesar had substituted for three months gritáronle everywhere that was not consul. Following the removal of the tribunes Cesecio and Marullo, at the first meeting of the polls showed many consuls Newsletter Name??? At the foot of the statue of L. Gross wrote: I wish I lived!, And under Caesar:
Brutuss quia regis ejecit, consul primus factus est:
Hic, quia ejecit consuls, factus est rex postrema (38)
The number of conspirators amounted to over sixty, with C. Cassius and Marcus and Decimus Brutus leaders of the conspiracy. These first deliberated whether to divide, some will precipitate from the bridge during the election field of Mars (39), at the time that the tribes convened for the election, while others expect him down to kill him, or if you attack on the Via Sacra or the entrance to the theater, but being ready for the Ides of March a meeting of the Senate in the hall of Pompey, unanimously agreed not to seek more appropriate time or place.
LXXXI. Prodigies obvious Caesar announced his approaching end. Few months before the settlers to whom the law had given Julia lands in Campania to build houses, destroyed ancient graves, and with so much zeal as in the excavations that were used to find ancient vessels work. Kept in a tomb which, they said, the remains of Capys, founder of Capua, found a brass plate in letters and words preserved Greek inscription: When you discover the ashes of Capys, a descendant of Iulo perish at the hands of their relatives, but will soon be avenged by the misfortunes of Italy and to not think that this is fable invented on a whim, I will cite in my support for Cornelius Balbus, an intimate friend of Caesar. A few dates before his death knew that horses consecrated by him to the gods before crossing the Rubicon, and had left to wander without a master, refused to eat and cried, for his part, warned Spurinna Scryer for a sacrifice , to be on guard the threatened danger to the Ides of March. On the eve of the same ides, having entered the Senate floor, called Pompey a wren with a sprig of laurel in its beak, birds of different classes, output from a nearby forest, rushed upon him and tore. Finally, the night before the day of his death, believed in a dream that went back on the clouds and put his hand in Jupiter and in turn his wife Calpurnia dreamed that collapsed the roof of his house and killed her husband in her arms as the door of his room burst open by themselves. All these predictions and the poor state of his health made him hesitate for a long time about whether to remain at home the following day defer to what the Senate had proposed, but urged by Decimus Brutus not to wait in vain for the senators who were meeting since he left home early into the fifth hour. On the way a stranger presented him a letter in which he revealed the conspiracy, Caesar took it and joined the other he held in his left hand with the intention of reading later. Victims who blew themselves up at once gave unfavorable omens, but to dominate their religious scruples, he entered the Senate and teasing Spurinna said that his predictions were wrong because they had come the Ides of March not to bring any disgrace, to which he replied speakers arrived, but had not yet happened.
LXXXII. As he sat down, the conspirators surrounded him on the pretext of welcoming, in the act Cimber Telio, which was tasked with starting, acercósele to have a request, but refused to listen and indicating with a gesture that left his request for another time he took his toga by both shoulders, and while Caesar exclaimed: This is violence, one of the Casca, who was behind him, stabbed him more down the throat. Cogióle Caesar's arm, I went through with the punch and tried to get up, but another blow stopped him. Viewing daggers then raised all over, wrap the head in his toga and low with his left hand cloths on her legs, to avoid becoming more nobly, keeping hidden the lower body. Twenty-three received wounds, and only the first gave a groan, without uttering a word. However, some writers refer to seeing him go against M. Gross, said in Greek: You too, my son. When they saw him dead, they all fled, leaving for some time lying on the ground, until finally three slaves brought him home on a litter, from which hung one of his arms. According to testimony from the medical Antiscio among all fatal injuries was only the second he had received in the chest. The conspirators wanted to drag his body into the Tiber, awarding their goods to the State and annul its provisions, but the fear they instilled the consul M. Antony and Lepidus, head of the cavalry, made them give up his plan.
LXXXIII. At the request of his father L. Ram opened his will, giving him at home reading of Antonio. Caesar had done in the last days of September, in possession of Lavícum, entrusting their care after the superior of the vestal virgins. Q. says Tuberón that all he did from his first consulate until the civil war began instituting heir of all his property to Ch. Pompey, and had said so in their speeches to the army. But in the last instituted three heirs, who were the grandchildren of his sisters, namely: C. Octavian three quarters, and L. Pinario with Q. Pedio, the Left, in the last clause adopted to C. Octavio and gave it its name, appointed guardian of her son, for the case in which one was born, the majority of which wounded him, figuring Decimus Brutus entered in the second class of heirs. Bequeathed, finally, the Roman people his gardens near the Tiber and three hundred sesterces per citizen.
LXXXIV. Posted on the day of his funeral pyre was erected in the Campus Martius near the tomb of Julia, and erect in front of the rostrum of the chapel golden speeches by the model of the Temple of Venus Mother placed in it a ivory bed covered in purple and gold, and the head of this bed a trophy, in the dress she wore to kill him. Not enough judging day for the solemn procession of those who wanted to bring these funeral, it was decided that each would go to deposit their gifts in the field of Mars. In the games own verses sung to excite sympathy for the dead and anger against the murderers, they were taken from Pacuvius in his trial on weapons of Achilles:
Men servasse, ut essent qui me perderent? (40)
and passages of the Electra Attilio, they could offer the same allusions. The Consul Antonio did that instead of eulogy, were read by a herald-queries the Senate gave Caesar all divine and human honor, and the oath, moreover, that required all of one's health, for their half added a few words to this reading. Judges assets that had just ceased to hold office, the Forum took the floor in front of the rostrum of the speeches. They wanted a body to be burned in the temple of Jupiter Capitoline, others in the village of Pompey, but suddenly, two men, wearing a sword at his belt and two darts in hand, set it on fire with torches, and soon began throwing it all dry wood, the chairs in the stands as the judges and lay to hand. The flute players and comedians, who had dressed for this solemn occasion costumes dedicated to triumphal pomp, was stripped of them, smashed and thrown into the flames, the legionary likewise threw the weapons that had been decorated for the funeral and the majority of women took to turn jewelry, and even the bulls and pretexts for their children. Large number of foreigners took part in that public mourning successive approximations to the fire and expressing their sorrow at the way each of his land to be felt mainly Jews, who looked after many nights beside the ashes.
LXXXV. After the funeral ended, people with torches ran to the houses of Brutus and Cassius, costing reject effort. In his way he met Helvio Cinna, and took from Cornelius, he had delivered the previous day a vehement speech against Caesar, and killed him and ran after his head stuck on a pike. Later in the forum arose a column of Numidian marble, one piece and more than twenty feet high, with the inscription: THE FATHER OF THE NATION, it was customary for a long time to offer sacrifices at the foot of it, make Feedback and complaints finish some swearing by the name of Caesar.
LXXXVI. Caesar had infused some of his relatives suspect he did not want to live longer and that this indifference, which came from his poor health, made him despise the warnings of religion and the advice of his friends. They claim other than reassured by the last Senate-consultants and their oath to him, had dismissed the Spanish guard who followed him sword in hand. Others attribute, however, preferred the idea of succumbing to treachery of his enemies have to fear them continuously ... According to some, used to say that preservation was more interested in the Republic that he himself, that he had bought for her since ancient glory and power, but that the Republic if he were to perish, would not enjoy peace of mind and fall into appalling evils civil war.
LXXXVII. In general all agree, however, that his death was on a little less as he had desired. Reading a day, indeed, in Xenophon, Cyrus, in his last illness, had given certain orders relating to the funeral, expressed his distaste for a death so slow, and expressed his desire that was quick. The same day before he died he was having dinner at the home of M Lepidus, and being asked about it more palatable death, replied: The sudden and unexpected.
LXXXVIII. He succumbed to the fifty-six years old, and was placed on the number of gods, not only by decree, but by the unanimous feeling of the people, convinced of his divinity. During the games that promised to hold, and that gave him his heir Augustus, appeared a star with hair, which stood at the eleventh hour and it shone for seven consecutive days, believed that the soul of Caesar was received in heaven, and this was the reason that he represented with a star on his head. Ordered walled up the door of the room where he was killed; parricide summon the Ides of March and forbade the senators gathered on that day.
LXXXIX. Almost none of the murderers died a natural death and was survived more than three years. They were all doomed, killing everyone differently, some in wrecks, some in combat and some digging with the same knife that wounded Caesar.
Notes
(1) They believe the scholars a gap that exists here, Suetonius had in their opinion, give details of Caesar's childhood.
2) Ensures that Waseling Caesar was appointed priest of Jupiter in the year 667, that is, at the age of thirteen; Paterculus Velleius says, meanwhile, that Cesar, he was barely out of infancy, puer Paene Mario Cinnaque flamen creatus dials. Suetonius Perhaps I mean that when it was already repudiated Cossutia. The distinctive Flemish dialis or priest of Jupiter were a lictor, an official chair and gown pretext. Could come to his office in the Senate, and nobody could work in his presence. On the way out before him an usher (proclamator) responsible for warning the workers to suspend their work. They were always chosen from among the patricians, just as the priests of Mars and Romulus. The office of priest of Jupiter was one of the high dignitaries of the Empire, notwithstanding the obligations and vexatious restrictions behaved. In no case could, for example, rely on horse, nor spend the night outside the city. His wife (flamin) was also under special obligations, but his wife could not repudiate it, and if he died, the flamin had to resign because she could not perform certain religious ceremonies. Cesar had not taken office and was able to divorce his wife, as Sila stripped of the priesthood.
(3) We know the great respect that inspired the intervention of the Vestal Virgins of which had even the right to pardon the criminal penalty to be imposed, if by chance you were in its path.
(4) Long before Sulla had divined Caesar, seeing it as real or feigned nonchalance, the lacticlavia barely clung in the belt, he kept saying to the nobles:
"Beware of this little loose belt.
Over twenty years later, when Cesar projects were no longer a secret to anyone, even his effeminate manners deceiving to Cicero, who said: "I clearly tyrannical view in all their actions and projects, but when I look at his hair combed so artistically when I see him scratching his head with the usual finger-often reproached with the elegant of Rome can not believe that ponders the terrible appointed to overthrow the Republic. " And when at last he became the owner of all the great smile he answered those who upbraided him for his little insight: "What do you want? I tricked her belt. "
(5) Throughout her life she would have disapproved of all this shameful trade verses on the edicts in the Senate, on the rostrum of the speeches and even in the songs of the soldiers.
(6) The most precious military order, and granted for saving a citizen. Which had obtained was in the theater, where he sat among the senators, their entry will spectators stood respectfully.
(7) Plutarch relates the fact more widely. See the Life of Cesar in the Parallel Lives of the celebrated writer published in our collection.
(8) In each legion included six military tribunes in command under the orders of the consuls one after another, usually for three months. In the field the tribune commanding centuries or a thousand men.
(9) In the year 360 of Rome establecióse the habit of praise in public at the woman who died in old age as a reward for having given once all the gold he had, in order to complete the amount to be paid by the Gauls the ransom of Rome. Until then, this honor was reserved for men. "But," says Plutarch such custom did not reach young women, the first being Caesar delivered the eulogy of his dead wife very young. This innovation made him honor, he won public favor and made him dear to the people who saw in this a test sensitivity of its soft and honored customs. "
(10) quaestors (which Sila large number of 8 to 20 and Cesar to 40) were the receivers-general, the treasurers of the Republic. Annual march to the provinces, together every one of a consul, praetor or a proconsul, after which possessed the principal authority. When he left the province, General shall serve the quaestor, this charged, in effect, contributions and taxes, to sell the loot and took care of provisions. Was preceded by lictors with fasces, at least in his province and his craft, considered the first step in the career of honors, led into the Senate.
(11) According to Plutarch, it was the sight of a statue of Alexander but the reading of the life of this prince, which drew tears to Caesar Plutarch relates, moreover, this fact at the time of Cesar Pretura in Spain , and not its quaestorship, as Suetonius. Cesar's words are, however,
reason to Suetonius, since at the time of his Pretura was thirty-seven Aryans, and in the quaestorship thirty-three, who were the experienced Alexander.
(12) According to Plutarch, Caesar had this dream in the night before the crossing of the Rubicon, that is, eighteen years later.
(13) The Pontifex Maximus was elected by the people. He lived in a public building, its position was firm and authority. can say that unlimited. According to the testimony of Dionysius of Halicarnassus. not realized, indeed, of his conduct or the Senate or the people, and was mandated to prosecute all cases relating to sacred things. His presence was indispensable in public ceremonies, in games or performances given by the judges, when directed prayers to the gods, when they dedicated their temples etc. Also sometimes the Pontifex Maximus and his colleague had the right to life and death, but the people could review the sentence.
(14) The magistrates were elected in the elections and for centuries with the same formalities that the consuls and had no more than that these magistrates whose functions sometimes. He presided over the assemblies of people, and if necessary, could convene the Senate, which cast their votes after consular males. It gave public games. For the administration of justice, were they who appoint the judges or a jury, and sentencing. Usually had their court at the Forum, that honor did not have lower magistrates, and before them stood a spear and a sword. In Rome, the fasces preceded by two lictors with six out of town. The minister also accompanied or bailiffs (ministri apparitores), secretaries (scribes) who transcribed his sentences, ujires (Accensi) responsible for the subpoenas. There were only two magistrates first one (urbanus) for citizens and another (peregrinus) for foreigners. When Sicily and Sardinia were reduced to provinces, created two others for them to send them. The conquest of the Espafias (Citerior and additional) gave rise also to the appointment of two others. Two of these six judges remained in Itom and the other four provinces in which the fate and the Senate divided between them. Cesar was sent to Spain Ulterior.
(14a). Plutarch cites a fact which proves, on the contrary that, despite the danger he had run, Caesar returned to the Senate to justify the suspicions that had been designed against, receiving violent reproaches. As the session lasts longer than usual, the people flocked, surrounded the Senate shouting threats and requested between dejasen out Cesar. Cato feared that the populace of Rome, which had placed all their hopes in Caesar, pass on to bigger and advised the Senate would make him a monthly distribution of wheat, which only had to increase recurrent expenditure of the year 5,500,000 sesterces. This prudent policy for the moment vanished terror of the Senate, weakened or even reversed much of the influence of Cesar, in a time when the authority of the Pretura would make it much more dangerous. (See Plutarch. The Life of Cesar.)
(15) The Capitol, burned in time of Sulla, in 671, was rebuilt and dedicated by Lutatius Catullus.
(16) was it in the number of the conspirators. First inform his mistress Fulvia plot to speak of it entirely your project also to assassinate him.
(17) See Plutarch's account of the events during his reign of Caesar in Spain.
(18) Author of the history of war and civil italics Mario-who was writing then, "gave him five years after Cicero the beautiful and famous letter in which he requested to write the story of his consulate.
(19) The trades of votes, was forbidden by law, however, tolerated, and people just did not sell his vote, but argued that even with stones and knives that had paid them.
(20) Within the city preceded only twelve o'clock one of the consuls lictors with axes and fasces, alternately enjoying this parade every month. A public official called accensus marched in front of the other consul lictors followed without fasces. This custom had fallen into disuse when Caesar reestablished.
(21) Nothing is Bibulus everything is Caesar's, since no one remembers what you did that.
(22) was granted in Rome many honors and privileges to parents who had three sons, at the request of jobs were preferred to their rivals, they are exempted from certain taxes and the shows were assigned preferred positions, hence in order , called Justium liberorum privileges.
(23) Fencing Master.
(24) The decrees of the Senate after its transcription were deposited in the Treasury, in the same way the laws were preserved and other acts of the Republic. The place where public records were stored was called tabugarium. The decrees in which the Senate gave special honors to Caesar were written in letters of gold on silver columns. Many decrees of the Senate were written on brass plates that are still preserved. The decrees of the Senate before being deported to the Treasury had no authority whatsoever. This was the cause that under Tiberius ordered that the decrees of the Senate and especially not imposing capital punishment be brought to the Treasury until after ten days in order that the Emperor if he was absent had time to examine and mitigate its severity.
(25) If no right to violate, any violadlo by rule, but spare the rest.
(26) ensures that this accident did Pliny Caesar superstitious, and, after him, she did not get into a car without first reciting a verse three times mysterious, as a preservative against travel accidents.
(27) According to Pliny, the Euripus was a large ditch that encircled the Circus, in order to prevent wild animals could escape and embark on the spectators, which had already happened several times. It was given the name Euripus, if we may believe Suetonius an interpreter, because the movement of water which flowed from stroke and retired just as he remembered the name of the strait between Euboea and Boeotia , where he was feeling the ebb and flow seven times a day. Cesar so embellished the Circus, built by Tarquin the Elder, Pliny says that he was the founder.
(28) This reform was made by Caesar in 708, during his third consulate M. Aemilius Lepidus. It was called annus confusionis that year and the next primus Julianus.
(29) There were 300 senators to Sila raising their number to 900 Caesar and later to 1,000, but Augustus reduced it.
(30) was appointed eight magistrates, Cesar created ten, there were also two aldermen commoners than before, called grains, and finally raised to forty the number of the Questors.
(31) populous district of Rome. located between Esquilino and Celio.
(31a) Everything Bithynia and Caesar's lover ever owned.
(32) Cesar put the Gauls, Nicomedes Cesar. Here Caesar triumphs because proceeded Gaul, while Nicomedes who underwent Cesar does not win.
(33) Ex auctionibus Hastae. Hence the word took its origin Spanish auction (under the spear). Among the Romans whose institutions were all military, accounted for a large paper launches. To censor was the spear that pierced the censors in the public square to announce the auction of the state revenues. Until centunvirales was the sign of the jurisdiction of centunviros, and therefore the opinion of those judges were called trial of the spear, judicium Hastae. Until Fiscalis was the one nailed to announce the sale of something belonging to the Treasury, which are authorized in the eyes of individuals. Until proctoria or venditionis was, in short, that alluded to in this passage from Suetonius; clavábase a sign that was sold to the bid, under the decree of the praetor, the proscribed property of citizens or convicted.
(34) Citizens, hide your wives, we bring here the bald adulterer; in Gaul is dedicated to fornicate eon the stolen gold to the Romans.
(35) The tense served at parties of the Circus, to stroll the images of the gods, the ferculum was the place where the car rested images, which together drawn by horses. Caligula did carry on this way for senators.
(36) ... if pecudi cor defuisset. The word also means cor wit; Cesar plays, then, with its double meaning here.
(37) Chained in his success. brought the Gauls, leading after the Senate, the Gauls laid down their rags and took the lacticlavias.
(38) Gross, to toss the kings, he was named first consul to this, by throwing the consuls, he has done last king.
(39) Elections were held for centuries in the field of Mars. Bridges (pons or ponticulus) were the sites where to vote went to the site (septum uovile) depontani called the elders who did not wear their votes with other citizens. It was mandatory that the Court judge who presided over the elections in the chair seat, which was immediately to this step.
(40) Will I lose to forgive?
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